This question <87|107> overall <99|101> Reidar: <595|129>.  
  Question 69: Explain better what I meant by the sentence: “Under capitalism, labor has social significance only as abstract labor.”   
  [100] Reidar: Abstract labor   In considering two types of labor, “useful labor” and abstract labor, Marx defines useful labor as the act of manipulating an object or some thing to create a use which fulfills a perceived societal need. Abstract labor is defined as the energy, muscle, mind, and brain usage of the individual. Marx stated that, “useful labor...is therefore a necessary condition, independent of all forms of society.” Useful labor was in existence before any society gave form to demand for commodities. Abstract labor is the only labor significant to societies because regardless of what use is given to an object to make it a commodity, only abstract labor, or the mental and physical usage of an individual's abilities are left remaining in the commodity. The commoditie's value is the percieved value which is held by a society, i.e., its “ghostlike parallel existence.”   
 
 
 
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