This question <151|83> overall <151|153> Hans: <151|155>.  
  Question 79: Why can commodities not express their values in their own use values?   
  [152] Hans: What makes things exchangeable?   I will only pick out one sentence from Emma's [139], which contains the pivotal error which taints all the rest of her answer:   
  Due to their desirability [...] in the market commodities also possess an exchange value that is part of the result of concrete labor, that is, labor performed to produce a discreet product.   
  To us living in a commodity society it seems as if usefulness implies exchangeability. However primitive societies exist which produce lots of useful things, without any of them ever being exchanged. Also the flow of goods inside a factory is not mediated by exchange. It is a property of society at large, a level [2] property, that allows useful things to be exchanged on a routine basis. Which property of society is it? That all labors count as equal. I exchange my product against yours because I consider the labor I put into my product equivalent to the labor you put into yours. But labors are equal only as abstract labors. This is why Marx says that the abstrat labor inside the goods is what makes them exchangeable.   
 
 
 
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