This question <291|13> overall <10|13> Deni: <1222|51>.  
  Exam Question 66: Why does Marx write in 127:1 “the valid exchange-values,” instead of simply “the exchange-values”?   
  [11] Deni: Valid exchange values vs. exchange values.   Marx is pointing out that every exchange of values needs to be valid. In an example that he is giving in 127:2, “a given quantity of wheat is equated to some quantity of iron,” he is saying that a quality is involved as well. We can not exchange one substance to another if the values are not equal; otherwise that transaction would fail and would have impact on productivity and revenue of a producer. “Valid” simply means (and especially back in 17th century) eye for an eye, or one pound of wheat for 2 pounds of iron, just because the validity of the iron was measured this way back then or vice versa.   
  And what is important here is that this resolution was implemented by their government, not by the producer itself.   
 
 
 
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