This question <50|67> overall <60|62> Phil: <1363|162>.  
  Question 89: Why is labor measured here by labor-time, and not by counting how many movements were made, or by the drops of sweat of the laborer, or by the discomfort of the laborer?   
  [61] Phil: Labor-Time.   Labor is measured in time as opposed to discomfort, or output, not only because it is the easiest and some would say fairest way to measure (as has already been discussed by many in the class). The entire labor pool only has a specific amount of time that it can give to production. This being the amount of each individual's life that the individual can devote to working. While it would maybe be a better judge to measure labor in output or discomfort, it would not accurately reflect the remaining labor left in the pool. Also, as Hans said [42], some labor can be joyful, so if measuring discomfort those people would not be compensated for their work the way somebody who doesn't enjoy their work would. This is clearly not a good solution because many times discomfort in labor can be attributed to the wrong individual doing the specified task. Measuring output is not the best way either. Marx uses the example of wheat production to point out that external events (in this case the time of year) can increase or decrease the output for the same amount of labor. By measuring only output you would not take this into account and could not give the true value of the labor involved (that being the amount of labor taken out of the collective pool). This leaves us only able to measure labor in time, as imperfect as it may be, in order to give the true social value of the labor in a capitalist system.   
  Hans: In [52], I announced that from now on someone who says that the rules how to measure labor are made up by Marx or others according to principles of efficiency and practicality would get a bad grade. Your criteria that is is easy and fair fall under this purview.   
 
 
 
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